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切諾基族不想成為吉普代名詞,卻遭廠商斷然拒絕

Sheena C. Howard
2021-03-15

吉普廠商的這種態(tài)度傷害了美國(guó)原住民。

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圖片來源:RaksybH—Getty Images

在經(jīng)歷了2020年之后,令人感到一絲慰藉的是,越來越多的美國(guó)民眾意識(shí)到,種族、文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)的不平等在美國(guó)一直存在,而且終于迎來了大爆發(fā)。

隨著這種公眾意識(shí)的不斷增長(zhǎng),很多公司開始自我反省,包括曾經(jīng)在其產(chǎn)品或廣告中使用過問題名稱和形象的一些公司和品牌。例如Quaker Oats,該公司最近決定更換其Aunt Jemima品牌及其漫畫標(biāo)志,做出類似決定的還有克利夫蘭印第安人隊(duì)(Cleveland Indians),該隊(duì)在去年12月就曾經(jīng)宣布對(duì)其標(biāo)志進(jìn)行更換。

有鑒于人們?cè)谶@方面的意識(shí)不斷加強(qiáng),對(duì)一些人來說,這種種族審判,例如吉普(Jeep)對(duì)切諾基民族(Cherokee Nation)希望該公司停止使用其部落名稱的回復(fù),尤為令人失望。公司稱,其汽車品牌名稱經(jīng)過了多年的精心挑選和培養(yǎng),以致敬和彰顯美國(guó)原住民的高尚、英勇和自豪的品質(zhì),但公司的聲明看起來似乎異??斩?,毫無誠(chéng)意,何況吉普在這方面也是公然地只說不做。

我們有必要了解品牌名稱和相關(guān)形象的使用如何以及為什么會(huì)帶來傷害,例如Jemima Aunt、克利夫蘭印第安人和吉普切諾基(Jeep Cherokee)。不管人們是否對(duì)此有清醒的認(rèn)識(shí),但媒體形象在自我認(rèn)同的塑造中發(fā)揮著重要作用。與此同時(shí),這些形象還會(huì)塑造大眾對(duì)我們的認(rèn)知,尤其是有色人種。

主流文化的成員已經(jīng)得到了媒體的廣泛、正面宣傳,那么采用這類形象通常有利于品牌自身。然而,對(duì)非主流文化的成員來說,例如很少出現(xiàn)、或者主要都是以兇殘的原型或商品化形象(例如吉普切諾基)出現(xiàn)在媒體中的美國(guó)原住民,這種做法不僅會(huì)給他們的自我認(rèn)知帶來負(fù)面影響,同時(shí)還會(huì)影響其他人對(duì)這些人的看法和對(duì)待方式。這種循環(huán)非常有可能讓人們形成負(fù)面或不健康的自我印象,我在自己撰寫的《瓦坎達(dá)的重要意義何在:電影〈黑豹〉反映的心理、身份和溝通》(Why Wakanda Matters: What Black Panther Reveals About Psychology, Identity, and Communication)一書中探討過上述流程。

我們的文化甚至很少意識(shí)到,這類原型詞匯和圖片會(huì)通過某種復(fù)雜的方式,傷害邊緣文化和邊緣群體,并損害主流文化。媒體宣傳的匱乏,再加上簡(jiǎn)單化或不準(zhǔn)確的形象宣傳,將導(dǎo)致文化的內(nèi)部沖突和誤導(dǎo),或“沖突時(shí)刻”,繼而給涉及的各方都帶來不幸。

事實(shí)在于,受媒體影響的認(rèn)知確實(shí)會(huì)決定人們?nèi)绾闻c其他群體互動(dòng),這里既包括個(gè)人層面,也包括集體層面。在集體層面,這種現(xiàn)象催生出的社會(huì)環(huán)境最終不僅會(huì)傷害被邊緣化和受壓迫的群體,而且會(huì)波及所有人。制度化的種族主義是真實(shí)存在的,而且十分普遍。

一些人可能會(huì)認(rèn)為,盡管對(duì)Aunt Jemima的抵制是可以理解的,但吉普并未在其產(chǎn)品或廣告中明確地宣揚(yáng)種族主義形象?!扒兄Z基”只不過是一個(gè)名字,如果產(chǎn)品本身沒有問題的話,那么使用這個(gè)名字又有何妨?這是否只是“取消文化”的刻意責(zé)難呢?

首先,這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)并未考慮切諾基這個(gè)名字真正的所有者,也就是獨(dú)立的切諾基民族,它并未同意吉普使用其名稱。事實(shí)上,他們明確地表達(dá)了不要使用其名稱的意見,而吉普卻拒絕接受這一要求。這一點(diǎn)便凸顯了吉普并不在意切諾基民族有關(guān)其自身名稱的意見。這種對(duì)黑人、原住民和有色人種(BIPOC)以及其他邊緣化團(tuán)體自我決斷的漠視,是白人至上主義的作祟方式之一,只不過比較委婉罷了。

此外,由于美國(guó)原住民沒有得到人性化、準(zhǔn)確的宣傳,因此僅將其文化和傳承用作銷售某種產(chǎn)品是一種不人道的剝削。試想一下,從未被提及或宣傳的自己突然出現(xiàn)了某種商品之上。理解這一點(diǎn)并與之共情至關(guān)重要,然而,無法做到或者不愿意去做正是白人至上主義和不公平性滋生的沃土。

就像之前提到的那樣,經(jīng)過2020年的洗禮,更多美國(guó)白人表達(dá)了加入反對(duì)種族主義陣營(yíng)的意愿,但真正的結(jié)盟要求的不僅僅是在推特(Twitter)發(fā)聲并掛出標(biāo)語“#黑人的命也是命”(#BlackLivesMatter)。它還需要心甘情愿的犧牲精神,其中最容易做到的一種犧牲就是放棄使用某種產(chǎn)品。那些尋求加入聯(lián)盟的人應(yīng)該拿起電話,或者登陸社交媒體,然后讓吉普知道自己不會(huì)購(gòu)買其產(chǎn)品,除非公司展現(xiàn)出付諸實(shí)際行動(dòng)的意愿。

當(dāng)吉普表示自己將繼續(xù)使用切諾基名稱時(shí),人們能夠?qū)ζ涫?,至少通過實(shí)際行動(dòng)來表達(dá)對(duì)部落的敬意,而不是僅僅停留在口頭聲援。例如,吉普可以邀請(qǐng)切諾基民族協(xié)商建立長(zhǎng)期合作伙伴關(guān)系,并詢問自己能夠?yàn)椴柯涮峁┠男椭?,繼而以一種更負(fù)責(zé)任的方式來使用其名稱。按照部落的反饋意見,吉普隨后可以采取多種措施:例如制定教育計(jì)劃、教授美國(guó)人有關(guān)切諾基的歷史和傳承、為青年切諾基學(xué)生設(shè)立獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金,或者提供資源幫助社區(qū)應(yīng)對(duì)持續(xù)的新冠疫情,尤其是原始部落和邊緣化社區(qū)遭到疫情的沖擊普遍更為嚴(yán)重。此舉不僅符合道德,而且也將創(chuàng)建一種良好的公關(guān)形象,有利于吉普自身的業(yè)務(wù)。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,吉普的這種回復(fù)不僅體現(xiàn)了資本家的剝削,同時(shí)也代表了一種不良的商業(yè)行為。

社會(huì)變革的首要步驟之一就是讓個(gè)人和機(jī)構(gòu)意識(shí)到,在他們看來可能被稱之為“小事”的事情,對(duì)于那些受到這類小事影響的人來說有著完全不同的感受。有鑒于機(jī)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)變十分緩慢,因此我們就得靠個(gè)人來推動(dòng)和鞭策這些機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改變。就吉普這件事情來說,這意味著人們得告訴吉普,忽視切諾基民族的要求就相當(dāng)于讓其保持沉默,但人們不會(huì)對(duì)此類事情熟視無睹。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

希娜·霍華德是萊德大學(xué)(Rider University)傳播學(xué)教授,也是《瓦坎達(dá)的重要意義何在》一書的作者。

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

在經(jīng)歷了2020年之后,令人感到一絲慰藉的是,越來越多的美國(guó)民眾意識(shí)到,種族、文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)的不平等在美國(guó)一直存在,而且終于迎來了大爆發(fā)。

隨著這種公眾意識(shí)的不斷增長(zhǎng),很多公司開始自我反省,包括曾經(jīng)在其產(chǎn)品或廣告中使用過問題名稱和形象的一些公司和品牌。例如Quaker Oats,該公司最近決定更換其Aunt Jemima品牌及其漫畫標(biāo)志,做出類似決定的還有克利夫蘭印第安人隊(duì)(Cleveland Indians),該隊(duì)在去年12月就曾經(jīng)宣布對(duì)其標(biāo)志進(jìn)行更換。

有鑒于人們?cè)谶@方面的意識(shí)不斷加強(qiáng),對(duì)一些人來說,這種種族審判,例如吉普(Jeep)對(duì)切諾基民族(Cherokee Nation)希望該公司停止使用其部落名稱的回復(fù),尤為令人失望。公司稱,其汽車品牌名稱經(jīng)過了多年的精心挑選和培養(yǎng),以致敬和彰顯美國(guó)原住民的高尚、英勇和自豪的品質(zhì),但公司的聲明看起來似乎異??斩矗翢o誠(chéng)意,何況吉普在這方面也是公然地只說不做。

我們有必要了解品牌名稱和相關(guān)形象的使用如何以及為什么會(huì)帶來傷害,例如Jemima Aunt、克利夫蘭印第安人和吉普切諾基(Jeep Cherokee)。不管人們是否對(duì)此有清醒的認(rèn)識(shí),但媒體形象在自我認(rèn)同的塑造中發(fā)揮著重要作用。與此同時(shí),這些形象還會(huì)塑造大眾對(duì)我們的認(rèn)知,尤其是有色人種。

主流文化的成員已經(jīng)得到了媒體的廣泛、正面宣傳,那么采用這類形象通常有利于品牌自身。然而,對(duì)非主流文化的成員來說,例如很少出現(xiàn)、或者主要都是以兇殘的原型或商品化形象(例如吉普切諾基)出現(xiàn)在媒體中的美國(guó)原住民,這種做法不僅會(huì)給他們的自我認(rèn)知帶來負(fù)面影響,同時(shí)還會(huì)影響其他人對(duì)這些人的看法和對(duì)待方式。這種循環(huán)非常有可能讓人們形成負(fù)面或不健康的自我印象,我在自己撰寫的《瓦坎達(dá)的重要意義何在:電影〈黑豹〉反映的心理、身份和溝通》(Why Wakanda Matters: What Black Panther Reveals About Psychology, Identity, and Communication)一書中探討過上述流程。

我們的文化甚至很少意識(shí)到,這類原型詞匯和圖片會(huì)通過某種復(fù)雜的方式,傷害邊緣文化和邊緣群體,并損害主流文化。媒體宣傳的匱乏,再加上簡(jiǎn)單化或不準(zhǔn)確的形象宣傳,將導(dǎo)致文化的內(nèi)部沖突和誤導(dǎo),或“沖突時(shí)刻”,繼而給涉及的各方都帶來不幸。

事實(shí)在于,受媒體影響的認(rèn)知確實(shí)會(huì)決定人們?nèi)绾闻c其他群體互動(dòng),這里既包括個(gè)人層面,也包括集體層面。在集體層面,這種現(xiàn)象催生出的社會(huì)環(huán)境最終不僅會(huì)傷害被邊緣化和受壓迫的群體,而且會(huì)波及所有人。制度化的種族主義是真實(shí)存在的,而且十分普遍。

一些人可能會(huì)認(rèn)為,盡管對(duì)Aunt Jemima的抵制是可以理解的,但吉普并未在其產(chǎn)品或廣告中明確地宣揚(yáng)種族主義形象。“切諾基”只不過是一個(gè)名字,如果產(chǎn)品本身沒有問題的話,那么使用這個(gè)名字又有何妨?這是否只是“取消文化”的刻意責(zé)難呢?

首先,這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)并未考慮切諾基這個(gè)名字真正的所有者,也就是獨(dú)立的切諾基民族,它并未同意吉普使用其名稱。事實(shí)上,他們明確地表達(dá)了不要使用其名稱的意見,而吉普卻拒絕接受這一要求。這一點(diǎn)便凸顯了吉普并不在意切諾基民族有關(guān)其自身名稱的意見。這種對(duì)黑人、原住民和有色人種(BIPOC)以及其他邊緣化團(tuán)體自我決斷的漠視,是白人至上主義的作祟方式之一,只不過比較委婉罷了。

此外,由于美國(guó)原住民沒有得到人性化、準(zhǔn)確的宣傳,因此僅將其文化和傳承用作銷售某種產(chǎn)品是一種不人道的剝削。試想一下,從未被提及或宣傳的自己突然出現(xiàn)了某種商品之上。理解這一點(diǎn)并與之共情至關(guān)重要,然而,無法做到或者不愿意去做正是白人至上主義和不公平性滋生的沃土。

就像之前提到的那樣,經(jīng)過2020年的洗禮,更多美國(guó)白人表達(dá)了加入反對(duì)種族主義陣營(yíng)的意愿,但真正的結(jié)盟要求的不僅僅是在推特(Twitter)發(fā)聲并掛出標(biāo)語“#黑人的命也是命”(#BlackLivesMatter)。它還需要心甘情愿的犧牲精神,其中最容易做到的一種犧牲就是放棄使用某種產(chǎn)品。那些尋求加入聯(lián)盟的人應(yīng)該拿起電話,或者登陸社交媒體,然后讓吉普知道自己不會(huì)購(gòu)買其產(chǎn)品,除非公司展現(xiàn)出付諸實(shí)際行動(dòng)的意愿。

當(dāng)吉普表示自己將繼續(xù)使用切諾基名稱時(shí),人們能夠?qū)ζ涫?,至少通過實(shí)際行動(dòng)來表達(dá)對(duì)部落的敬意,而不是僅僅停留在口頭聲援。例如,吉普可以邀請(qǐng)切諾基民族協(xié)商建立長(zhǎng)期合作伙伴關(guān)系,并詢問自己能夠?yàn)椴柯涮峁┠男椭?,繼而以一種更負(fù)責(zé)任的方式來使用其名稱。按照部落的反饋意見,吉普隨后可以采取多種措施:例如制定教育計(jì)劃、教授美國(guó)人有關(guān)切諾基的歷史和傳承、為青年切諾基學(xué)生設(shè)立獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金,或者提供資源幫助社區(qū)應(yīng)對(duì)持續(xù)的新冠疫情,尤其是原始部落和邊緣化社區(qū)遭到疫情的沖擊普遍更為嚴(yán)重。此舉不僅符合道德,而且也將創(chuàng)建一種良好的公關(guān)形象,有利于吉普自身的業(yè)務(wù)。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,吉普的這種回復(fù)不僅體現(xiàn)了資本家的剝削,同時(shí)也代表了一種不良的商業(yè)行為。

社會(huì)變革的首要步驟之一就是讓個(gè)人和機(jī)構(gòu)意識(shí)到,在他們看來可能被稱之為“小事”的事情,對(duì)于那些受到這類小事影響的人來說有著完全不同的感受。有鑒于機(jī)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)變十分緩慢,因此我們就得靠個(gè)人來推動(dòng)和鞭策這些機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改變。就吉普這件事情來說,這意味著人們得告訴吉普,忽視切諾基民族的要求就相當(dāng)于讓其保持沉默,但人們不會(huì)對(duì)此類事情熟視無睹。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

希娜·霍華德是萊德大學(xué)(Rider University)傳播學(xué)教授,也是《瓦坎達(dá)的重要意義何在》一書的作者。

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

One of the silver linings of 2020 was that a growing number of Americans had their eyes opened to the racial, cultural, and economic injustices that had always been present in this country but had finally reached a boiling point.

With this growing public recognition came a new willingness on the part of many to examine their own complicity, including some companies and brands that had previously used problematic names and imagery in their products or advertising. Examples include Quaker Oats, which recently decided to change the name of its Aunt Jemima brand and get rid of its caricature logo, or the Cleveland Indians, which last December announced they would do the same.

Within this context of heightened awareness and, for some, a racial reckoning, Jeep’s response to the Cherokee Nation’s wish that the company stop using the tribe’s name is particularly disappointing. The company’s assertion that its vehicle names “have been carefully chosen and nurtured over the years to honor and celebrate Native American people for their nobility, prowess, and pride” comes across as tone deaf and disingenuous, given its blatant lack of actions accompanying such words.

It’s important to understand how and why the use of names and associated imagery of brands such as Aunt Jemima, the Cleveland Indians, and Jeep Cherokee is harmful. Whether people are consciously aware of it or not, media images play a powerful role in the formation of self-identity. At the same time, these images also shape how others perceive us—particularly people of color.

For the dominant culture, who are already widely and positively represented in the media, this often works in their favor. However, for members of nondominant cultures, like Native Americans, who are sparsely represented, or predominantly represented through crude stereotypes or commodification (in this instance, the Jeep Cherokee), this not only has a negative impact on how they see themselves, but it also shapes how others perceive and treat them. This cycle exacerbates one’s likelihood of developing a negative or unhealthy self-image, a process I discuss in my book, Why Wakanda Matters: What Black Panther Reveals About Psychology, Identity, and Communication.

What is even less understood in our culture are the complex ways in which stereotypical words and imagery hurt not just marginalized cultures and communities, but the dominant culture as well. The scarcity of media representation, combined with simplistic or inaccurate representations, can lead to intercultural conflict and miscommunication, or “crash moments,” that create distress for all parties involved.

The fact of the matter is that media-influenced perception does determine how we interact with people of other groups at both the individual and collective levels. At the collective level this can lead to societal conditions that ultimately hurt everyone, not just those who are marginalized and oppressed. Institutional racism is real and pervasive.

Some may argue that while the backlash against Aunt Jemima is understandable, Jeep isn’t flaunting explicitly racist imagery in its product or advertising. “Cherokee” is just a name, and if the product itself is a good one, then where’s the harm in it? Isn’t this just cancel culture run amok?

First of all, this view doesn’t consider that the only true owners of the Cherokee name, the sovereign Cherokee Nation, have not given their consent to Jeep to use their name. In fact, they clearly expressed their desire that their name not be used, and Jeep has declined to honor this request. This signals that the opinions of the Cherokee Nation regarding their own name don’t matter. This lack of weight given to how BIPOC and other marginalized groups frame their own experience is one of the more subtle ways the insidious nature of white supremacy works.

Next, in the absence of humane and accurate representations of Native Americans, using their culture and heritage only to sell a product is dehumanizing and exploitative. Imagine if you never saw yourself reflected or represented anywhere except on a commercial product. Understanding and empathizing with this is crucial, because the inability or unwillingness to do so is the very engine that drives white supremacy and inequality.

As mentioned earlier, 2020 led to more white Americans expressing the desire to be allies against racism, but true allyship requires more than just tweeting hashtags and displaying #BlackLivesMatter signs. It requires a willingness to sacrifice, and one of the easiest forms of sacrifice is forgoing the use of a product. Those seeking to be allies should therefore pick up their phones or hop on social media and let Jeep know that they will not buy its products unless the company shows a willingness to go beyond empty gestures.

While Jeep has already indicated it will continue using the Cherokee name, people can pressure it to at least offer more than just lip service about honoring the tribe. Jeep could invite the Cherokee Nation to the table for an ongoing partnership, for instance, and ask what it could do to give back to the community and use its name in a more responsible way. Depending on the tribe’s feedback, Jeep could then take any number of possible actions: creating educational programs to teach Americans about Cherokee history and heritage, setting up scholarships for young Cherokee students, or offering resources to help the community fight the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, particularly given the pandemic’s disproportionate impact on native tribes and on marginalized communities in general. This would not only be the right thing to do from an ethical standpoint, it would also be good PR in a way that would serve Jeep’s own business interests. As it stands, the company’s response isn’t just capitalist exploitation; it’s also bad business.

One of the first major steps toward social change is for individuals and organizations alike to recognize that what might seem like small things to them are not experienced that way by the people who are affected by those “small things.” And since organizations are slower to change, it’s up to individuals to push and prod them toward that change. In this case, that means telling Jeep that ignoring the Cherokee Nation’s request amounts to silencing them, and that such silencing will not be passively accepted.

Sheena C. Howard is a professor of communication at Rider University and author-editor of Why Wakanda Matters.

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